Cairo sprawls along the Nile River as one of the world's oldest urban centers, where contemporary life unfolds in the shadow of ancient monuments. Egypt's capital serves as the gateway to antiquity while simultaneously functioning as the largest metropolitan area in the Arab world—a city where pharaonic treasures, Islamic architectural masterpieces, and modern infrastructure create a complex urban landscape. The Giza Pyramid Complex stands at Cairo's edge as humanity's oldest Wonder of the Ancient World, while the Egyptian Museum houses an unparalleled collection of artifacts spanning 5,000 years of civilization. Islamic Cairo reveals another historical dimension through the medieval citadel of Saladin, the alabaster Muhammad Ali Mosque, and Khan el-Khalili bazaar, where traditional crafts persist in workshops operating for centuries. The city pulsates with constant activity—traffic circles filled with honking cars, riverside corniche walks, and ahwas (traditional coffeehouses) where locals gather for conversation over games of backgammon. Cairo's culinary landscape features distinctive Egyptian specialties like koshari (a hearty mix of rice, lentils, and pasta) and freshly caught fish from the Nile. Despite its population density and urban challenges, Cairo maintains its position as the cultural and intellectual center of the Arab world through institutions like Al-Azhar University, the region's oldest continuously operating university, and a film industry that has historically dominated Arabic-language cinema. Throughout its districts, from upscale Zamalek to working-class Bulaq, Cairo demonstrates the remarkable adaptability that has allowed it to remain a living city for millennia.